Ethereum completes the Fusaka upgrade, officially entering a rhythm of hard forks twice a year

The 17th major upgrade of Ethereum, "Fusaka," has officially activated on the mainnet at epoch 411392, just about 7 months after the Pectra upgrade in May. This upgrade not only brings multiple UX and scalability improvements but also marks Ethereum's formal entry into an accelerated development pace of "two hard forks a year." Consensys stated that Ethereum researchers will aim for two upgrades per year in the future.

Since the Merge in 2022, Ethereum has typically undergone only one major update per year, namely Shapella (2023), Dencun (2024), and Pectra (2025). Fusaka introduces several key technical changes, including a new sampling technique "PeerDAS" that affects data availability and pricing. This upgrade includes a total of 9 core EIPs and 4 accompanying EIPs, making it one of the largest upgrades in Ethereum's history by certain statistical standards.