Vitalik: Ethereum will continue to advance multiple "hard rules" to enhance security and protocol efficiency

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin posted on the X platform, stating that in recent years, Ethereum has effectively enhanced protocol security and long-term adaptability by continuously introducing several "hard fixed rules." He recalled: In 2021: EIP-2929 and EIP-3529, which raised the cost of storage reads and reduced Gas refunds; In 2024: with the Shanghai upgrade, the contract destruction instruction was weakened; In 2025: a Gas limit of 16,777,216 was set for a single transaction.

Vitalik pointed out that these changes set clear upper limits on the maximum throughput for single blocks and single transactions, helping to avoid various denial-of-service attacks, simplify client implementation, and provide more room for improving system efficiency. He also mentioned that more hard limits are expected to be introduced in the future, including: limiting the total byte size of accessible code (short-term increase in the cost of calling large contracts, mid-term adoption of binary tree structures and charging by data blocks); setting a maximum computation cycle for zero-knowledge EVM validators and synchronously adjusting costs; adjusting memory charging methods to set a clearer upper limit on maximum memory consumption for the EVM.